APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

Engineering Geophysics

Course Synopsis

This course is an Applied Geophysical course; designed primarily for students in Applied Geophysics. However, it also meets the need of students in the fields of Geosciences, as a course that provides hands-on training in the applicability of some geophysical methods in solving engineering problems. The course generally involved the review of near-surface geophysical methods. Applications of geophysics in civil engineering site investigations – foundation problems in buildings, hydraulic structures, highways/runways/railways, underground/surface storage facilities. Location of construction materials. Investigation of integrity of existing engineering structures (e.g. earth embankment), Geophysical investigations for spread footing and pile foundations. Scope and limitations of engineering geophysics in site investigations. Case histories as related to applicability of engineering geophysics in solving engineering problems will also be discussed.

 

 

 

AGP405 – Engineering Geophysics

COURSE PARTICULARS

Course Code: AGP405

Course Title: Engineering Geophysics

No. of Units: 3

Course Duration: Three hour per week for 15 weeks.

Status: Compulsory

Course Email Address: [email protected]

Course Webpage: http://www.agp.futa.edu.ng/courseschedule.php?coursecode=AGP%20405

Prerequisite: AGP303

 

COURSE INSTRUCTORS

Prof. M. I. Oladapo,

1^ST Floor (AGP Wing), SEMS Phase I Building,

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348034748381

Email: [email protected]

 

Dr. O. J. Akintorinwa,

Ground  Floor (MCS Wing), SEMS Phase I Building,

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348034968613

Email: [email protected]

 

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is an Applied Geophysical course; designed primarily for students in Applied Geophysics. However, it also meets the need of students in the fields of Geosciences, as a course that provides hands-on training in the applicability of some geophysical methods in solving  engineering problems. The course generally involved the review of near-surface geophysical methods.  Applications of geophysics in civil engineering site investigations – foundation problems in buildings, hydraulic structures, highways/runways/railways, underground/surface storage facilities.  Location of construction materials.  Investigation of integrity of existing engineering structures (e.g. earth embankment), Geophysical investigations for spread footing and pile foundations.  Scope and limitations of engineering geophysics in site investigations. Case histories as related to applicability of engineering geophysics in solving engineering problems will also be discussed.

 

 

 

 

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this course are to:

• review the theory of most geophysical methods that are applicable in engineering investigations
• discuss the synergy between Applied Geophysics and Engineering discipline.
• discuss the benefits of Engineering Geophysics
• discuss the types of problems addressed by Engineering Geophysics
• give some case studies of previous work as related to Engineering investigation using Geophysical methods
•  provide students with opportunities to solve Engineering related problems using geophysical method(s).

 

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

(Knowledge based)

• explain the basic principle of the applicable geophysical methods in Engineering Geophysics
•  explain the field procedure; data acquisition, processing and interpretation of applicable geophysical method(s) in Engineering investigations.

 (Skills)

• apply both primary and secondary Engineering Geophysical methods in solving Engineering related problems

 

GRADING SYSTEM FOR THE COURSE

This course will be graded as follows:

Assignments                  20%

Test(s)                            20%

Final Examination         60%

TOTAL                                    100%

 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Attendance: It is expected that every student will be in class for lectures. Attendance records will be kept and used to determine each person’s qualification to sit for the final examination. In case of illness or other unavoidable cause of absence, the student must communicate as soon as possible with the instructor or the head of department, indicating the reason for the absence.

Academic Integrity: Violations of academic integrity, including dishonesty in assignments, examinations, or other academic performances are prohibited.  You are not allowed to make copies of another person’s work and submit it as your own; that is plagiarism. All cases of academic dishonesty will be reported to the University Management for appropriate sanctions in accordance with the guidelines for handling students’ misconduct as spelt out in the Students’ Handbook.

Assignments: Students are expected to submit assignments as scheduled, failure to do this will earn the student zero for that assignment. Only under extenuating circumstances, for which a student has notified the instructors in advance, will late submission of assignments be permitted.

Code of Conduct in Lecture Rooms: Students should turn off their cell phones during lectures. Students are prohibited from engaging in other activities (such as texting, watching videos, etc.) during lectures. Food and drinks are not permitted during the lecture.

 

READING LIST

^{4, 2}An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics: John M. Reynolds

²Sharma, P.V., 1997: Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Cambridge Press,

           pp. 265-296.                                      

⁴Lecture Note on Engineering Geophysics: Akintorinwa O. J.

⁴Lecture Note on Advance Engineering Geophysics: Prof. Olorunfemi M. O.

 

Legend

1- Available in the University Library

2- Available in Departmental/School Libraries

3- Available on the Internet.

4- Available as Personal Collection

5- Available in local bookshops.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COURSE OUTLINE

Week	Topic	Remarks
1	Introduction and Course Overview	During this first class, the expectation of the students from the course will be documented.
2	Historical Development of Engineering Geophysics. Definition and Characteristics of Engineering Geophysics.	Historical background and characteristic of engineering geophysics will be discussed
3	Factors on which on which of Engineering Geophysics. Benefit of Engineering Geophysics. Problems addressed by Engineering Geophysics.	Important factors, benefit and problem been addressed by engineering geophysics will be enumerated and discussed
4	Geophysical methods used in Engineering Geophysics. Review of Seismic Refraction Method	Classification of geophysics as related to engineering geophysics i.e primary and secondary methods will be discussed and the basic principle of seismic refraction will be reviewed.
5, 6 &7	Factors on which P-waves Velocity varied with Seismic Energy Source Geometry of Seismic Refraction Derivation of Time – Offset (T-X) Equation for both dip and horizontal interface Plotting of T-X Curve Calculation of Layers Velocities Calculation of Layer Thicknesses	Rock properties on which Primary wave velocity is based will be discussed. Energy source, receiver, Geometry of the seismic refraction will be discussed and data presentation and interpretation of seismic refraction will also be discussed   Fist home assignment
8 & 9	T-X curve along a faulted bed Seismic Reflection theory and principle Operational and interpretational problems in seismic method Rock physical properties derivable using seismic methods (RQD, Fracture Frequency (n), Bulk(K) Young (E) Modulus Poison Ratio(σ), porosity (?) etc. and they are classifications as related to subsurface competency evaluation.	Plotting of T-X data across a faulted bed and calculation of the fault throw (?Z) will carried out in the class. Basic principle of seismic reflection will be discussed. Rock properties like RQD, Fracture Frequency (n), Bulk(K) Young (E) Modulus Poison Ratio(σ), porosity (?) etc. that are in subsurface engineering evaluations will also be discussed.
10 & 11	Review of Electrical Resistivity Method. Summary of the basic principle and theory of Electrical resistivity method  Competency evaluation using formation resistivity values Determination of porosity using resistivity values Determination of soil corrosivity at engineering site Corrosivity classification using resistivity values Electrical system earthening study using electrical resistivity method Summary of the application of electrical resistivity as related to engineering investigation.	Basic theory and principle, data acquisition and interpretation of Electrical Resistivity will be reviewed. Applicability of Electrical Resistivity in subsurface engineering evaluations will also be discussed. The use of Electrical Resistivity in corrosion and earthening will be discussed. Second home assignment
12	Engineering of other geophysical methods (Secondary methods)	Application of SP, EM, Gravity, Magnetic and GPR as related to subsurface engineering study will be discussed.
13 & 14	Fieldwork/ Case Histories	Fieldwork for foundation study, road investigation and soil integrity mapping will be carried out within the campus and some case studies of Engineering investigations will be discussed.
15	REVISION

 

Applied Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers 11

Course Synopsis

AGP 409 : APPLIED GEOPHYSICS FOR GEOLOGISTS AND ENGINEERS (3 UNITS) 2

 Induced Polarization and Electromagnetic methods. Exploration Seismology: Fundamental of seismic Reflection and Refraction geophysical methods. Basic theories, field procedures, data acquisition, processing and interpretation. Applications of the above methods in mineral, petroleum and groundwater exploration, environmental and engineering studies. Case histories, including local examples.

 

 

 

 

AGP409 – APPLIED GEOPHYSICS FOR GEOLOGISTS AND

                ENGINEERS 11                 

COURSE PARTICULARS

Course Code: AGP409

Course Title: Applied Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers 11.

No. of Units: 3

Course Duration: Three hours per week for 15 weeks.

Status: Compulsory

Course Email Address: [email protected]

Course Webpage: http://www.agp.futa.edu.ng/courseschedule.php?coursecode=AGP%20506

 

COURSE INSTRUCTORS

Dr. K.A. Mogaji,

1^st Floor (AGP Wing), SEMS Phase I Building.

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348106519011

Email: [email protected]

 

Dr. (Mrs) B.T. Ojo,

Ground Floor (AGP Wing), SEMS Phase II Building,

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348033530758

Email: [email protected]

and

 

         

COURSE DESCRIPTION

AGP 409 :    APPLIED GEOPHYSICS FOR GEOLOGISTS AND ENGINEERS

                        (3 UNITS) 2 – 0 – 3.

Induced Polarization and Electromagnetic methods. Exploration Seismology: Fundamental of seismic Reflection and Refraction geophysical methods. Basic theories, field procedures, data acquisition, processing and interpretation. Applications of the above methods in mineral, petroleum and groundwater exploration, environmental and engineering studies. Case histories, including local examples.

 

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this course are to:

• Introduce the theoretical background of Induced Polarization (IP), Electromagnetic (EM) and Exploration Seismology geophysics to the students and review the self-reliance ingredients as geophysical exploration methods.
• Take students through the field procedures, data acquisition, processing and interpretation of the above methods.
• Review the applications of above methods in mineral, petroleum and groundwater exploration, environmental and engineering studies, with reference to specific case histories in each case.

 

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

(Knowledge-based)

• Explain the basic principle(s) of the above geophysical methods. 
• Explain the field procedure; data acquisition, processing and interpretation of the geophysical techniques(s) in mineral, groundwater, petroleum exploration, and environmental and engineering studies.

 

(Skills)

•  Apply (IP), EM and Seismometer equipment in the acquisition of appropriate geophysical data.

• Practise and solve some problems in the delineation of the subsurface sequence and                                                                                                interpret the sequence in terms of groundwater or mineral occurrence, or environmental degration.

             

GRADING SYSTEM FOR THE COURSE

 This course will be graded as follows:

Assignments                  20%

Test(s)                            20%

Final Examination         60%

TOTAL                                    100%

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Attendance: It is anticipated that every student who registered for the course will be in class for all the lectures. Records of attendance will be kept and used to determine each student’s qualification to sit for the course examination. In case of any other unavoidable cause of absence, the student must communicate, as soon as possible, with the instructor or the head of department, giving the reason(s) for his/her absence.

Assignments: Students are expected to submit assignments as directed by the course instructors. Failure to do this will earn the student zero for that assignment. Only under unavoidable circumstances, for which a student has notified the instructors in advance, will late submission of assignments be permitted.

Academic Integrity: Violations of academic integrity, including dishonesty in assignments, examinations, or other academic performances are prohibited.  No student is allowed to make copies of another person’s work and submit it as his/her own; that is plagiarism. All cases of academic dishonesty will be reported to the appropriate University organ, to enable the application of appropriate University sanctions.

Code of Conduct in Lecture Rooms: Students should turn off their cell phones during lectures. Students are prohibited from engaging in other activities (such as discussing, singing, etc.) during lectures. Taking of food and drinks during lectures are not permitted.

READING LIST

REFERENCES

¹DOBRIN, M. & SAVIT (1988). Introduction to geophysical prospecting. McGraw Hill, New York.

²KEARY, P. & BROOKS, M (1991). An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Pp255.

³MILSON, J. (2003). Field Geophysics. Third Edition. Wiley. Pp 323.

⁴OMOSUYI, G.O., ADEGOKE. A.O. & ADELUSI, A.O. (2008). Interpretation of Electromagnetic and geoelectric sounding data for groundwater resources around Obanla-Obakekere, near Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. The Pacicif Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9. No 2: 509-525.

²TELFORG, W.M., GELDART, L.P., SHERIFF, R.E. and KEYS, L.P. (1985). Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Chapters 4(pp 218-434), 7(pp 500-629), 9(pp 702-734) 

 

Legend

1- Available in the University Library

2- Available in Departmental/School Libraries

3- Available on the Internet.

4- Available as Personal Collection

 

 

COURSE OUTLINE

Week	Topic	Remarks
1	Introduction and Course Overview	During this first class, the expectation of the students with regard to the course will be enunciated and documented.
2	Induced Polarization method: Basic theory, origin of IP and advantages of IP.	IP effects (Electrode and Membrane polarization) and relevance in the exploration of specific minerals will be discussed.
3	Field operations and measurements of IP in Time and Frequency Domains. Data presentation and interpretation	Data presentation and interpretation, chargeability and decay curve analysis.
4	Applications of IP geophysical method and case histories.	Delineation of mineralised zones will be discussed. First home assignment.
5	Electromagnetic method: Basic theory, origin, advantages/disadvantages of the method.	Principles of EM, origin of EM field, Frequency-domain and Time-domain systems will be discussed. The advantages or disadvantages as reconnaissance method will also be discussed.
6 & 7	Field measurements of EM, data interpretation and data inversion. Application of EM case histories.	Data acquisition and interpretation and the application of specific software will be discussed. Home assignment.
8	Exploration seismology: Basic principles and seismic wave generation.	Fundamentals of seismic Reflection and Refraction geophysical methods will be discussed.
11  9&10	Seismic Reflection: field operations, data acquisition and interpretation Choice of Seismic Velocities in depth mapping	Velocity scanning as powerful tool in Oil & Gas industry. Various seismic velocities for mapping will be discussed here
11	Seismic Refraction: field operations, data acquisition and interpretation	Field methods, energy sources, geophones and seismographs, single, multiple and dipping layers will be discussed here.
12	Seismic Refraction geophysics as applicable in engineering/dam site investigation.	The importance of seismic velocities in the delineation of geologic structures will also be discussed.
13	Seismology and geo-hazards. Case histories of applications of Seismic Reflection Refraction geophysics.	The relevance of Seismic geophysics in land slide, minor/major earthquakes, or other environmental hazards will be discussed.
14& 15	REVISION	Revision in form of problem-solving is embarked upon for two weeks.  .

 

Seismic Methods Of Prospecting

Course Synopsis

This course is designed to introduce students to the principles and methods seismic methods. Elasticity. Huygen’s principle and ray path. Snell’s law. Propagation of seismic waves in a homogeneous medium. Factors affecting seismic velocities. Types of seismic waves. Seismic refraction fundamentals. Horizontal and Multilayer refraction. Single dipping interface refraction profile. Fermat’s principle (Least time). Statics. The Single refractor case. Field techniques. Processing and interpretation of seismic refraction data. Applications of the Seismic Refraction Method. Elementary concepts of the reflection seismology. Analytical treatment of elementary seismic reflection problems. Time-Depth charts. Reflections from a dipping interface. Determination of velocity and depth to interface. Characteristics of seismic events. Types of seismic noise. Attenuation of noise. Field methods and equipment for land survey. Marine equipment and methods. Processing and interpretation of seismic reflection data: Structural Interpretation Direct Contouring and the Importance of the Strike Perspective , Fault Recognition and Mapping Composite Displays , Interpretation Procedures, Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Displays, Subtle Structural Features , Visualization and Autotracking.

 

 

 

AGP 411 -  SEISMIC METHODS OF PROSPECTING

COURSE PARTICULARS

Course Code: AGP 411

Course Title: Seismic Methods Of Prospecting

No. of Units: 3

Course Duration: Three hours of theory and three hours of practical per week for 15 weeks Status: Compulsory

Course Email Address: [email protected]

Course Webpage: http://www.fwt.futa.edu.ng/courseschedule.php?coursecode=AGP%20411

Prerequisite: AGP 202

COURSE INSTRUCTORS

Dr. B.A. Olisa,

Ground Floor (AGP Wing), SEMS Phase II Building,

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348069697925

Email: [email protected]

and

 

Dr. O. Abiola,

1^st Floor (AGP Wing), SEMS Phase I Building.

Dept. of Applied Geophysics,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Phone: +2348035023164

Email: [email protected]

         

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to introduce students to the principles and methods seismic methods. Elasticity. Huygen’s principle and ray path. Snell’s law. Propagation of seismic waves in a homogeneous medium. Factors affecting seismic velocities. Types of seismic waves. Seismic refraction fundamentals. Horizontal and Multilayer refraction. Single dipping interface refraction profile. Fermat’s principle (Least time). Statics. The Single refractor case. Field techniques. Processing and interpretation of seismic refraction data. Applications of the Seismic Refraction Method.

 Elementary concepts of the reflection seismology.  Analytical treatment of elementary seismic reflection problems. Time-Depth charts.   Reflections from a dipping interface. Determination of velocity and depth to interface. Characteristics of seismic events. Types of seismic noise. Attenuation of noise.  Field methods and equipment for land survey.  Marine equipment and methods. Processing and interpretation of seismic reflection data: Structural Interpretation 

Direct Contouring and the Importance of the Strike Perspective • Fault Recognition and Mapping

Composite Displays • Interpretation Procedures • Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Displays • Subtle Structural Features • Visualization and Autotracking. 

 

The objectives of this course are to:

have full understanding of the following:

•   Analytical treatment of elementary seismic reflection problems.

•   Concept of 3-D depth imaging in seismic exploration and development.

•   Prediction of reservoir parameters from  seismic data.
•   Delineate    reservoirs and discover   reserves  from both structural and stratigraphic traps  in order to determine where  wells can be located
•   Reservoir Management using  Seismic Data

 

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES / COMPETENCIES

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

(Knowledge based)

• understand type of seismic velocities and determination methods  and their applications;
• Determine the thickness of rock layers.
• Predict reservoir parameters using seismic data
• Delineate reservoir locations,

(Skills)

 

 

GRADING SYSTEM FOR THE COURSE

This course will be graded as follows:

Class Attendance          10%

Assignments                  10%

Test(s)                            20%

Final Examination         60%

TOTAL                                    100%

 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Attendance: It is expected that every student will be in class for lectures and also participate in all practical exercises. Attendance records will be kept and used to determine each person’s qualification to sit for the final examination. In case of illness or other unavoidable cause of absence, the student must communicate as soon as possible with any of the instructors, indicating the reason for the absence.

Academic Integrity: Violations of academic integrity, including dishonesty in assignments, examinations, or other academic performances are prohibited.  You are not allowed to make copies of another person’s work and submit it as your own; that is plagiarism. All cases of academic dishonesty will be reported to the University Management for appropriate sanctions in accordance with the guidelines for handling students’ misconduct as spelt out in the Students’ Handbook.

Assignments and Group Work: Students are expected to submit assignments as scheduled. Failure to submit an assignment as at when due will earn you zero for that assignment. Only under extenuating circumstances, for which a student has notified any of the instructors in advance, will late submission of assignments be permitted.

Code of Conduct in Lecture Rooms and Laboratories: Students should turn off their cell phones during lectures. Students are prohibited from engaging in other activities (such as texting, watching videos, etc.) during lectures. Food and drinks are not permitted in the laboratories.

 

READING LIST

The following books cover important topics in reflection seismology. Most require some knowledge of mathematics, geology, and/or physics at the university level or above.

• ³Brown, Alistair R. (2004). Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data (sixth ed. ed.). Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 0891813640.
• ¹Biondi, B. (2006). 3d Seismic Imaging: Three Dimensional Seismic Imaging. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. ISBN 0-07-011117-0.
• ³Claerbout, Jon F. (1976). Fundamentals of geophysical data processing. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 1560801379.
• ¹Ikelle, Luc T. and Lasse Amundsen (2005). Introduction to Petroleum Seismology. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. ISBN 1-56080-129-8.
• Scales, John (1997). Theory of seismic imaging. Golden, Colorado: Samizdat Press.
• ³Yilmaz, Öz (2001). Seismic data analysis. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. ISBN 1-56080-094-1.
• ³Chapman, C. H. (2004), Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
• Waters, K. H., 1978, Reflection seismology: John Wiley and Sons.
• Pacht, J. A., R. E. Sheriff, and B. F. Perkins, 1996, Stratigraphic Analysis Utilizing Advanced Geophysical and Wireline Technology for Petroleum Exploration and Production: Gulf Coast Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Foundation, 351 p.
• Dobrin, M. B. and Savit, C. H. 1988. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, 4th edn, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P. and Sheriff, R. E. 1990. Applied Geophysics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• William Lowrie, (2007) Fundamentals Of Geophysics Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
•  

Further research in reflection seismology may be found particularly in books and journals of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, the American Geophysical Union, and the European Association of Geoscientists and Engineer

 

Legend

1- Available on the Internet via the professional bodies' website.

2- Available as Personal Collection

3- Available in local bookshops.

 

 

COURSE OUTLINE

Week	Topic	Remarks
1	Elasticity. Huygen’s principle and ray path. Snell’s law. Propagation of seismic waves in a homogeneous medium.	During this first class, the expectation of the students from the course will also be documented.
2 & 3	Factors affecting seismic velocities. Types of seismic waves. Seismic refraction fundamentals. Horizontal and Multilayer refraction. Single dipping interface refraction profile.
4 & 5	Fermat’s principle (Least time). Statics. The Single refractor case. Field techniques. Processing and interpretation of seismic refraction data. Applications of the Seismic Refraction Method. Time-Depth charts.   Reflections from a dipping interface.
6	• Elementary concepts of the reflection seismology. Analytical treatment of elementary seismic reflection problems.
7 & 8	Determination of velocity and depth to interface. Characteristics of seismic events. Types of seismic noise. Attenuation of noise.
		MID-SEMESTER TEST
& 10	Field methods and equipment for land survey.  Marine equipment and methods. Processing and interpretation of seismic reflection data: Interpretation Procedures Structural Interpretation	Students will be divided into groups and given practical case studies.

 

 

11 & 12	Direct Contouring and the Importance of the Strike Perspective •  Fault Recognition and Mapping Composite Displays •	Students will be divided into groups and given practical case studies.
13 & 14	Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Displays Subtle Structural Features Visualization and Autotracking.
15	REVISION	This is the week preceding the final examination. At this time, evaluation will be done to assess how far the students’ expectations for the course have been met.